Abstract:Package managers are legion. Every programming language and operating system has its own solution, each with subtly different semantics for dependency resolution. This fragmentation prevents multilingual projects from expressing precise dependencies across language ecosystems; it leaves external system and hardware dependencies implicit and unversioned; it obscures security vulnerabilities that lie in the full dependency graph. We present the \textit{Package Calculus}, a formalism for dependency resolution that unifies the core semantics of diverse package managers. Through a series of formal reductions, we show how this core is expressive enough to model the diversity that real-world package managers employ in their dependency expression languages. By using the Package Calculus as the intermediate representation of dependencies, we enable translation between distinct package managers and resolution across ecosystems.
They used to be known as junior doctors, but in September 2024 the government agreed to change the name of their role to better reflect their expertise.
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Part of the explanation for why so few users will need to verify their age is that Discord already uses an internal "age determination" system that looks at "how long your account has existed, whether you have a payment method on file, what types of servers you're in, and general patterns of account activity."